(a) As the condensate is being squeezed in the xy plane, the peak value of the mathcal {F}_z increases with respect to ω⊥/ω, where ω⊥ is the trapping frequency in the squeezing direction
Figure 5. (a) As the condensate is being squeezed in the xy plane, the peak value of the \mathcal {F}_z increases with respect to ω⊥/ω, where ω⊥ is the trapping frequency in the squeezing direction. (b) The corresponding spin texture, showing the hidden half-skyrmions in the periphery of the condensate in the plane wave phase. The relevant parameters are κ = 2.0, ω⊥/ω = 4.0 and the total atom number is N = 1 × 104. The unit of \mathcal {F}_z is .
Abstract
We analytically and numerically investigate the ground state of spin–orbit coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates in an external parabolic potential. When the spin–orbit coupling is introduced, spatial displacement exists between the atom densities of components with different magnetic quantum numbers. The analytical calculations show this displacement reaches a maximum when the spin–orbit coupling strength is comparable with that of the trapping potential. As the spin–orbit coupling strength gets larger and larger, the spatial displacement decreases at a rate inversely proportional to the spin–orbit coupling strength. Correspondingly, periphery half-skyrmion textures arise; this displacement can be reflected by the non-uniform magnetic moment in the z direction. With the manipulation of the external trap, the local magnitude of the non-uniform magnetic moment can be increased evidently. This kind of increase of the local magnetic moment is also observed in the square vortex lattice phase of the condensate.
