Kornilov, O M Siano L Foucar J Klei A Rouzée K Motomura C P Schulz M Rosenblatt M Eckstein A Lübcke Charge state distributions of N<em><sup>n</sup></em><sup>+</sup> as a function of the FEL pulse energy <p><strong>Figure 6.</strong> Charge state distributions of N<em><sup>n</sup></em><sup>+</sup> as a function of the FEL pulse energy. The experimental distributions are plotted as blue lines, normalized to the yield of singly charged N<sup>+</sup> ions. (a) Distributions for the first part of the FEL bunch train, with the average FEL pulse energy increasing from 48 to 71 µJ. (b) Distributions for the second part of the FEL bunch train, with the average FEL pulse energy decreasing from 71 to 14 µJ. Results of the simulation are shown as cyan areas shaded between distributions with the highest and lowest pulse energies.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Single-shot time-of-flight spectra for Coulomb explosion of N<sub>2</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> molecules have been recorded at the Free Electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH) and have been analysed using a partial covariance mapping technique. The partial covariance analysis unravels a detailed picture of all significant Coulomb explosion pathways, extending up to the N<sup>4+</sup>–N<sup>5+</sup> channel for nitrogen and up to the I<sup>8+</sup>–I<sup>9+</sup> channel for iodine. The observation of the latter channel is unexpected if only sequential ionization processes from the ground state ions are considered. The maximum kinetic energy release extracted from the covariance maps for each dissociation channel shows that Coulomb explosion of nitrogen molecules proceeds much faster than that of the iodine. The N<sub>2</sub> ionization dynamics is modelled using classical trajectory simulations in good agreement with the outcome of the experiments. The results suggest that covariance mapping of the Coulomb explosion can be used to measure the intensity and pulse duration of free-electron lasers.</p> flash;Free Electron LASer;covariance mapping technique;nitrogen molecules proceeds;iodine;FEL pulse energy;ground state ions;FEL bunch train;simulation;covariance analysis unravels;Coulomb explosion pathways;coulomb explosion;sequential ionization processes;Atomic Physics;Molecular Physics 2013-08-13
    https://iop.figshare.com/articles/figure/_Charge_state_distributions_of_N_em_sup_n_sup_em_sup_sup_as_a_function_of_the_FEL_pulse_energy/1012478
10.6084/m9.figshare.1012478.v1